** 561 5f on 6f magenta SG type 28h overprint, a complete unmounted sheet of 100 (10 x 10) with a second lightly struck overprint struck a little diagonally and off centre, resulting in some stamps with portions of three overprints and four with portions of four overprints. Signed on reverse "A.H. Rashty". Minor rust spots on fourteen. A unique sheet. SG T337. Cat £4,200++. PHOTO. £500
** 562 2f on 6f magenta SG type 28h overprint, a complete unmounted mint sheet of 100 (10 x 10) with a lightly applied second overprint, signed "A.H. Rashty" on reverse. Some rust spotting. SG T337 Cat £4,200+. PHOTO. £400
** 563 5f on 6f magenta SG type 28h overprint, an unmounted mint sheet of 100 (10 x 10) with slightly misplaced overprint. Signed "A.H. Rashty" on reverse. minor foxing on a few. SG T337 Cat £4,200. £400
** 564 5f on 6f magenta SG type 28h overprint, an unmounted part sheet of eighty (8 x 10) being the left side of the sheet with overprint misplaced to left. Signed "A.H. Rashty" on reverse. Fine. SG T337. Cat £3,360. £300
** 565 5f on 6f magenta SG type 28h overprint, an unmounted mint marginal imprint block of fifteen (5 x 3) with overprinted shifted high, block of six & four with misplaced overprints and a single with double overprint. Also four examples used with other adhesives on covers to Hejaz, Germany, Holland and Baghdad. (8 items). £100
** 566 5f on 6f magenta SG type 28h overprint, an unmounted mint corner block of four with misplaced overprint, two mounted mint singles & two used singles. Also four examples used on cover with other adhesives to Medda, UK (2) and USA. (9 items). £100
** 567 The mint and used untidy remaindered selection with most issues represented inc mint 1954-57 1f to 200f, 1957-58 1f to 200f, 1958 1d x 3, 1958 1f vertical strip of five and two pairs with transposed overprint variety, 1958 5f pair with transposed overprint. The used inc an irregular block of five 1958 1d claret (SG 418) on piece with other values. Mostly fine. (Few 100's). £200
** 568 The mint and used selection with some official issues, inc. mint 1934 1d claret, 1948-51 1d emerald pair with broken "T" variety, 1954-57 50f to 100f pairs with broken "T" variety. & 1f block of four with "ALIMAQIYQ" variety. 1954-57 2f unmounted mint sheet of 100 (10 x 10) with the transposed overprint error corrected. Official 1948-51 60f, 75f & 200f plus 1955-58 50f & 100f blocks of four with broken "T" variety. Mostly fine. (250+). £80
** 569 The mint and used selection with misplaced or local overprints inc. mint 1948 ½d block of four with misplaced overprint, 1954 10f block of four with misplaced overprint. Official 1958 2f vertical strip of three with greatly misplaced overprint and 6f block of four with inverted overprints. Also a large piece bearing 1948 1d strip of three & various later issues. A fine lot. (93). £80
** 570 1934 1d claret, two blocks of four, one with strong offset of the overprint on the gum. 1948-51 1f to 1d blocks of four. Mostly fine unmounted mint. SG 418 & 418a to 425. £140
** 571 1948 3f & 12f blocks of four, 1954 1f, 2f, 10f block of four and 1958 4f blocks of eight, four & a pair, plus 10f block of four. All with inverted overprints. Fine unmounted mint. (32). £100
** 572 1954-57 1f to 200f and 1957-1f to 200f, lightly mounted mint blocks of four. SG 426 to 458. £60
** 573 1954 1f, a sheet of 100 (10 x 10) with four examples of the transposed overprint, a corner block of eight (2 x 4) with two examples of the transposed overprint, a block of nine with two examples of the transposed overprint. 2f, a sheet of 100 (10 x 10) with four examples of the transposed overprint. 10f a sheet of 100 (10 x 10) with partial double overprint on lower right corner vertical strip of five and an almost complete impression of a single row of the overprint on the margin at foot. two stamps with partial offset on reverse. Fine mint. SG 426, 426a, 427, 427a, 432 var. (321). £200
** 574 1954-57 10f blue, an unmounted mint corner block of twenty five (5 x 5) with four examples of the transposed overprint variety, a corner block of eight (2 x 4) with two examples of the transposed overprint variety, a vertical strip of five with one example of the variety. A used single of the variety. Also Official 1948-51 1f & 1954 1f vertical pairs with one example of the transposed overprint variety. 1954 1f and 5f blocks of four containing pairs of the same variety. Fine mint. (63). £120
** 575 1954 1f & 10f blocks of four plus a used 200f single, 1958 3f & 4f blocks of four plus single 1f, 5f & 8f. All with inverted overprints. Fine. (16). £100
** 576 1954 10f blue, a lower right corner block of ten (2 x 5) with two stamps having normal overprints, five with diagonal part overprints,one with tiny part overprint, two without overprints and one with an additional .offset on reverse. 16f carmine, a mint block of four, the lower pair without overprint. Also a used 200f with the top line of the overprint omitted. Fine. (15). £100
** 577 1958 1f blue, a sheet of 100 (10 x 10) with four examples of the transposed overprint variety, a vertical strip of five one being the same variety. 5f green, a sheet of 100 (10 x 10) with four examples of the transposed overprint variety, a block of four, two being the same variety. 30f orange red, a sheet of 100 (10 x 10) and two pairs with minor varieties in the overprint. Also Official 1958 1f blue, a sheet of 100 (10 x 10) with six examples of the transposed overprint variety, blocks of four (2) and pairs (2, one used) with a further seven examples of the transposed variety. Mostly fine. (426). £120
** 578 1957-58 1f blue, a sheet of 100 (10 x 10), 5f green sheet of 100 (10 x 10) with six being the transposed overprint variety, and a block of twenty (10 x 2) being the top two rows of the sheet with the same variety on six. Fine unmounted mint.SG 443, 447 & 447a. (220). £120
** 579 1958 10f blue, a marginal block of four with a diagonally misplaced overprint resulting in one stamp being without overprint & one with part overprint on reverse. Also Officials 1948 60f vertical strip of three, the lower stamp without overprint. 1954 10f strip of three, one without overprint. 1958 2f block of nine with diplaced overprint resulting in four stamps being without overprint. and an imprint block of twenty (10 x 2) with progressive overprint flaw. (5 items). £100
** 580 1958 20f olive, an upper right corner block of six and a block of four, each with inverted, misplaced overprints on the gummed side. Fine.SG 451. £60
** 581 1941 Official 100f with double overprint, 1948 1f pair with transposed overprint and 3f pair, used together on small piece . 1948 Official 1f pair with transposed overprint, 6f and a 50f with double overprint used together on small piece. Fine. PHOTO. £100
** 582 1948 Official 1f, 1955-58 8f, 1958 3f unmounted mint blocks of four, 1955-58 20f single unmounted mint. Also used 1954 1f block of four, 1958 6f & 8f blocks of four plus a single 1f. All with short Iraq" variety. Fine. (26). £80
** 583 1948-51 Official 1f to 1d plus unlisted 10f, 20f & 30f plus additional 2f & 4f, all unmounted mint blocks of four. 50f & 100f unlisted singles. Also used 1f to 8f. A good lot. SG 0460 to 0481 plus additional values. (115). PHOTO. PHOTO. 2 £400
** 584 1948 Official 1f to 1d and unlisted 10f, also 3f, 14f & 25f blocks of four, 4f pair & single. Fine mint. 1941-47 200f blocks of four x 2 mint and used 1948 1f (2), 2f (2), 3f (both), 5f green (2), 5f lake & 8f. Mostly fine. (58). £120
** 585 1948 Official 1f, 20f & 25f blocks of four, 16f & 28f pairs and 14f 30f & 40f All unmounted mint with inverted overprints. Also 1941 200f and 1948 75f pair, used with the same variety. (22). £100
** 586 1948 Official 14f, 16f & 20f blocks of four and single 2f, 50f & ½d All unmounted mint with double overprints. Also 5f double overprint, used on small piece with normal 19554f and 1958 1f. . 1948 50f on piece and 75f used with the same double variety. (20). £140
** 587 Official 1954-58 and 1958-59 issues in unmounted mint blocks of four, also 1954 2f block of four and single with "ON STATE/SERVICE" overprint on the gummed side. 1955 Abrogation 28f with Republic overprint. Fine mint, mostly unmounted. (102). £60
** 588 1954 Official 1f, 3f & 5f blocks of four, 4f pair and 6f & 10f singles. All with inverted overprints. Fine (16). £80
** 589 1954 Official 3f, 4f, 16f, 20f & 40f blocks of four and 1f, 4f and 5f singles, all with double overprints. Fine unmounted mint. (23). £140
** 590 1958 Official 4f, 5f & 10f (2) blocks of four, 3f & 10f pairs, 1f, 5f (3) and 10f singles. All with double overprint varieties. Fine mint. (24). £160
** 591 1958 Official 1f (5, inc a marginal block of four), 2f, 3f, 4f, 5f (11, inc two blocks of four and a used single), 6f and 10f (4, inc a pair), all with inverted overprints. Also 5f x 2 with the same variety used with normal values on covers to Baghdad. £140
** 592 1958 Official 3f, an unmounted mint block of sixty less the upper right stamp, all with short IRAQ overprint. Fine. SG 0500a. Cat £1,180. £120
** 593 COVERS: The collection of covers, mostly to USA with a good selection of non official values of the 1954-57 and 1958 issues making an interesting array of rates. Some are censored and seven are registered. (54 covers) £200
** 594 The mint selection of handstamps on various adhesives inc. 1964 Army Day 10f block of four and pair, Human Rights 10f block of four and pair, 10f Engineers pair with inverted handstamp, 1965 Army Day 10f block of four, a pair with double handstamp and Tree Week 20f with inverted handstamp. Mostly fine unmounted. (36). £80
** 595 The mint selection of handstamps on 1965 issues inc Deir Yassin Massacre 10f block of four, 20f (18, inc a block of eight with four having handstamp omitted variety, a pair double handstamp), Telecommunications 10f pair, one with inverted handstamp and a block of four with partially missing handstamp, Iraq-U.A.R. Pact 10f pair, one with double handstamp., 7th Anniversary 10f block of four, single with double handstamp . Mostly unmounted. (55). £100
** 596 1965 Telecommunications 10f unmounted mint block of twenty five (5 x 5) with normal, double and inverted handstamps represented. Fine. £70
** 597 The used selection of various handstamps on 1965 issues inc Revolution 10f (4, inc one with double handstamps & one on cover to USA), Co-operation 30f (4, inc one double handstamp), Telecommunications 10f x 3 used on covers to USA. Also 1967 5f brown (5, inc three on covers to USA). (26 items). £80
** 598 1965 Revolution 10f, a large part sheet of twenty five (5 x 5) with up to six strikes of the 27mm handstamp and another similar multiple with up to six strikes of the 32mm handstamp. Fine. £60
** 599 The mainly mint collection on 1964 and 1965 issues inc 1965 Deir Yassin 10f used with violet double overprint, Telecommunication 10f (3 used, inc one inverted overprint), Cooperation 5f (7, inc one with inverted overprint) and 30f (11, inc a block of four with the scarce blue overprint & two pairs with inverted overprint) and Census 5m & 15m blocks of four. (64). £80
** 600 A mint selection of unofficial handstamps on various adhesives in blocks of four inc 1965 Labour Conference 10f, Rebellion 5f, Revolution 5f & 10f, Agriculture 3f, 1966 Army day 2f, Football 2f & 5f and 1967 Scouts 2f. Fine. (56) £70
** 601 1967 5f brown, an interesting mint and used selection inc. two mint upper right corner blocks of ten (5 x 2) each with transposed overprints on the top row, a pair with double overprint plus misplaced reversed on the gum. used examples x 2 of the transposed overprint. Also eight singles used on covers with other values. (15 items). £80
** 602 1967 5f brown, a sheet of 100 (10 x 10) with an additional diagonal overprint at top left resulting in 30+ stamps having double overprint variety, partial offset on reverse of 15 stamps, one is torn and other small marginal faults. Also a mint corner block of thirty (6 x 5) with two horizontal rows having the transposed overprint variety. Fine. £160
** 603 1970 The selection inc. 1f to 40f unmounted mint blocks of four, 1f single with "Crosses" instead of discs mint. 1f used with inverted overprint x 2 and various values to 30f on ten covers SG T931 to T937. £60
** 604 1972 The mint and used group inc mint 20f & 70f unmounted mint blocks of nine, covers (8) bearing 20f (3) and 70f (5) to various destinations. (15 items). £70
** 605 1973 The mint and used selection inc a mint set and various designs on covers (6), 5f on 2f harp, a mint marginal block of twelve (2 x 6) with an additional diagonal overprint crossing the top four rows. Also 1974 Defence Fund 5f mint & used plus two on covers. 1977 Palestinian Welfare 5f mint block of four and covers x 4. (32 items). £70
** 606 1956 Arab Union Die proofs (2) in blue on gummed paper with blank value tablets, one a little creased. 3f to 28f issued colours and 28f black completed design die proofs on gummed paper. Fine. (6 proofs).PHOTO. £200
** 607 1957 Centenary of Red Crescent 28f with double overprint variety. Fine unmounted mint. SG 395a. Cat £300. £100
** 608 1959 definative issue, a die proof in rose pink of the issued vignette on gummed paper, creased clear of design. £100
** 609 1960 Al Rasifi 10f with inverted overprint. 1971 Official 15f on 3f Panther Air, a corner block of four one with Arabic Official surcharge inverted. 1975 Flowers 25f on 3f pair with inverted surcharge. All unmounted mint. SG 539a, 0985a &1173a.. £80
** 610 FLOWN REGISTERED MAIL:1934-90 The group of covers registered from a good number of towns and flown mainly to USA or UK inc 1943 env from Basra to USA bearing 1931 1f to 50f and on reverse 4f red crescent label.A colourful lot. (38 covers). £80
** 611 COVER FLOWN BY ALAN COBHAM:1926 (27 Sept) env to UK franked with 1923 2a strip of three tied by typed boxed "BY AIR/Iraq to Great Britain/with Alan Cobham" and "BAGHDAD H. Q. (IRAQ" bi-lingual c.d.s. with m/s "By Aeroplane/Pilot Alan Cobham/Return flight from Australia". The cover is creased well clear of the adhesives.PHOTO. £100
** 612 1926 (21 Dec) env to India franked with 1923 6a tied by typed boxed "IRAQ to INDIA/By Light Aeroplane/with Messrs Stack & Leete" and "BAGHDAD H.O. (IRAQ)" bi-lingual c.d.s. A little reduced and other faults. PHOTO. £80
** 613 1928-58 The miscellaneous selection of flown covers inc 1932 env with violet bi-lingual "VISIT THE AGRICULTURAL - INDUSTRIAL EXHIBITION/BAGHDAD FROM 1st to 30th APRIL 1932 IRAQ" h.s. 1933 env from Baghdad to N York with violet bi-lingual "INSUFFICIENTLY PAID/FOR AIR MAIL SERVICE" h.s. 1954 env to Scotland charge 6d postage due on arrival. 1954 env to S. Shield with large bi-lingual BRITISH TRADE FAIR/POST OFFICE/BAGHDAD" blue c.d.s. (11 covers + a front).. £80
** 614 1929 (3 Jan) env to Bombay bearing 1923 11⁄2a & 3a the former tied by boxed "IRAQ TO INDIA/By Light Aeroplane/With Vet and Vetess/J. de Sibour."h.s. and the later by a "BAGHDAD" bi-lingual c.d.s.PHOTO. £100
** 615 1932 (5 April) env to Baghdad bearing 3f on 1⁄2a (marginal) with typed "Inauguration the/New Baghdad - Haifa, Airon/Bridge. April. 5 1932", arrival c.d.s. on reverse.PHOTO. £80
** 616 1933-57 The interesting selection of flown items inc. 1933 1st Baghdad to Calcutta Imperial Airways flight, 1936 1st flight by K.L.M. from Baghdad to Gaza, a group of Pan Am 1st flights with illustrated cachets and 1940 env from Baghdad to Egypt with on reverse a 4f "SUBSCRIBE TO/YOUR LOCAL WAR/RELIEF FUND" label tied by "BASRAH" c.d.s (38 covers). £100
** 617 1933 (4 Jan) env registered to Kuwait franked with 10f 0n 2a, 3f and 8f tied by"BAGHDAD P. O." bi-lingual c.d.s with boxed red "FIRST FLIGHT/BAGHDAD - KUWAIT." alongside. Fine PHOTO. £80
** 618 1934 (9 June) card registered from Baghdad via Liverpool and Friedrichshaven by zeppelin to Brazil with Iraq 10f & 15f plus GB 1d & 1/- to pay the zeppelin fee from Germany to Brazil. Fine.PHOTO. £100
** 619 WWII CENSORED MAIL FLOWN TO USA: 1941-44 The selection of covers to USA with a good range of censor labels and h.s. inc "PASSED BY/CENSOR 90/A" in violet, framed "PASSED BY/THEATER/65/U S/ARMY/EXAMINER" and similar h.s. for numbers "60" & "63". Some covers with faults. (23 items). £80
** 620 WWII COVERS ETC:1941-57 The selection of covers mostly sent during WWII with censor tape and h.s. inc 1942 (June) env from Basra to Teheran with censor tape and censor h.s of Anglo-Soviet-Persia and Russian censors. , a good group of R.A.F. censors with numbers 42, 58, 109 & 202. represented. A small group of cover to India bearing Indian adhesives tied by F.P.O. c.d.s. inc numbers 14, 22, 103 & 104. An interesting lot (43 covers) £120
** 621 POLISH FORCES MAIL: 1943 covers to USA (6) and UK sent by Polish forces in Iraq, franked with Indian (5) and UK adhesives (2), four with Polish censor labels, all with violet circular "OCENZRUWANO/EXAMINED BY CENSOR" with central numeral h.s. (7 items). £80
** 622 The mint and used untidy accumulation of mostly modern issues with some multiples, inc. 1959 Courvoisier Emblem issue used and Bradbury Emblem issue used.and 1969 Tower & Lion issue with some values on pieces. (300+). £100
** 623 1891-1918 The collection of Turkish revenue stamps used in Iraq inc. 1909 Eurhrates & Tigris Steam Navigation Co. Ltd Bill of Lading bearing a fixed fee 1pi tied by oval "STEPHEN LYNCH & Co/BAGHDAD" violet h.s. 1909 Bombay Ledger sheet bearing 1905 fixed fee 5pa tied by oval "MAHMOUD SHABANDAR/BAGHDAD" violet h.s. 1913 Deutsche Orientbank Bill of Exchange bearing 1910 2pi & 1912 1pi proportional fees adhesives used in Baghdad. 1909 telegram from Baghdad to Damas bearing fixed fee 20pa 1912 Baghdad Islamic Co. premisory note bearing 20pa proportional fee stamp. (38 items). £80
** 624 1890 Turkish Provinces Rental Contract m/s "One/Anna" on 5pi green (landlord half), creased. 1890 typewritten "3 Annas" on 2pi chestnut (landlord half, mounted mint. 1883 10pa on 2pi (tenant half) inverted overprint with m/s "4 10 16" and 1890 8a on 2pi (tenant half) x 2 with boxed "COURT/FEE/ANS 8" h.s. one with punched hole. A very rare group. (5). PHOTO. £100
** 625 1906-13 Turkish revenue stamps overprinted with large "IRAQ" with 1906 Theatre Tax 20pa (2), 1910 Passport for Rumelian Workers 2pi and 1912 Proportional Fee 20pa. and small "IRAQ" inc 1906 Theatre Tax 20pa, 1910 Receipts & Acquittances 20pa (2), 1909 Deed Registration 2pi. 1913 Fixed fee 10pa and 1912 proportional Fee 20pa. Mostly fine. (15). £80
** 626 1916-22 Large(4 x 14mm) "REVENUE" overprints on Turkish 1916 Cigarette papers inc 1a on 5pa used block of four with inverted overprints.8a on 5pa pair plus a single with inverted overprint. larger (4 x 16mm) overprint 8a on 5pa strip of four on piece, a strip of three with inverted overprint and an unused single. 1914 Tranfers of Purchase ¼a on 1pi x 2 with inverted overprints mint and used 1909 50r on 5pa Fixed Fee. (27). £60
** 627 1915 Court Fee stamps of India (1904 issue) handstamped "IRAQ" in purple and punched comprising 1a, 6a, 2r and 3r. Goo used. Also 1913 Court Fee 6r x 2 with large black "IRAQ" overprint used with ½r on 1919 notary public document. Some of the rarest revenues of Iraq. (5 items). PHOTO. £100
** 628 1915 A used selection of Indian Foreign Bill stamps hanstamped "IRAQ" (various sizes) inc 1861 2r, 1904 2a (4) and 4a (2), 1913 6a (4), 8a (14) and 3r (colour suffused). Fair to fine. (30). £80
** 629 1917-18 Fixed Fee stamps of Turkey (1906 & 1916 issue) overprinted in Arabic "Military Government/British/8 annas" comprising 2pa small tougra x 2 inc one on piece, 5pa small tougra x 2 on pieces, 2pa large tougra x 2 inc one on piece and 5pa large tougra x 2 on piece and mint. Mainly fine. (8). £100
** 630 1918 Small horizontal REVENUE overprint, a small selection inc. used 1912 Proportional Fee 20pa, 1913 Fixed Fee 8a on 10pa (3,inc one on 1918 pension petition) & 8a on 20pa. 1916 Fixed Fee 5r on 10pa. Also vertical large REVENUE used Religious Courts 2a on 10pa and unused 4a on 5pi. used 1916 Proportional Fee 5r on 10pa (2) and unused 10r on 20pa and 20r on 2pi. Mostly fine. (24). £80
** 631 1920-23 British Occupation overprints an interesting used selection with various size "REVENUE" overprints represented inc type A 1r on 10pi block of four, type C 5r on 50pi, type D ½a on 1pa to 5r on 50pi.and type E ½a to 5r on 50pi. Mostly fine. (37 items). £80
** 632 1920 British Occupation type D overprint ½a on 10pa green, a mint sheet of 100 (10 x 10). Fine. £60
** 633 1923-31 The used neatly mounted collection inc. ½a to 50r (2), 1924 (9 June) env from Kerbela to Baghdad bearing on reverse 1a pair used as postage. 1924 (Jan) env from Baghdad "By Overland Mail" to Norfolk bearing on reverse postage 1a (3) and revenue 3a. Also a selection of documents (14) with various 1923-31 revenues inc. 1926 Baghdad Bill of Lading bearing 2a. 1926 Singer Sowing Machine power of attorney with 1r pair and 1923 Certificate of Identity franked with 2r & 3r to allow a family to travel from Mosul to Palestine. (63). £80
** 634 1931 1a to 2r and 1932 5f on 1a to 15f on 3a and 30f on 6a to ½d on 2r and ½d on 5r, all used. 1932-34 5f to 5d perforated "SPECIMEN" (Samuel type B9) the 5f being imperforate, plus. 5f to 1d and 20f brown used. Also a few documents (9) inc 1934 passport page bearing 1932-34 50f, 200f & ½d used for entry into Israel. (61). £100
** 635 1931 Two Bradbury Wilkinson sheets headed "GOVMT OF IRAQ/ISSUED 1931" each bearing an imperforate 25r violet stamp size die proof, one with m/s "Appr H.L. 22/4/31". Fine. £80
** 636 1934-43 The collection of imprimatur sheets ex Bradbury Wilkinson archives mounted on cards with m/s dates and numbers on the margins, comprising LINE PERF. 5f, 8f, 10f, 20f, 25f, 40f, 75f, 100f and 200f. Also COMB PERF.5f, 8f, 10f, 20f, 30f, 40f, 50f, 75f, ½d and 1d. Very fresh A unique group. £300
** 637 1934-43 The mint and used collection inc mint 5f to 20f, 30f to 75f & 1d unused (no gum) blocks of nine. 5d mint single, used 3f to 5d. Also documents (11) and pieces (3) bearing various values inc 1944 Palestine Certificate of Identity issued in Jerusalem bearing 10f & 75f. 1936 Registration of Industrial Land document bearing 40f (168). £100
** 638 1942-54 The mint and used selection inc 1942-48 5f to ½d mint, documents (4) inc 1942 car licence bearing 5f. 1949 Rental contract bearing 10f & 20f plus small "10" Save Palestine 20f. 1948-54 used 5f to 5d and documents (6) inc 1948 Rental Contract bearing 200f pair. (97). £100
** 639 1948-54 5f to 5d unmounted mint imprint blocks of twelve (6 x 2) from the foot of the sheet. PHOTO. £100
** 640 1948-54 10f orange, an experimental vertical coil strip of eleven with join. This stamp was issued in sheets of 100 (10 x 10). £60
1-80
81-160
161-240
241-320
321-400
401-480
481-560
561-640
641-720
721-800
801-880
881-960
961-1040
1041-1120
1121-1200
1201-1277
Index